Sixty to seventy percent of the Cairene population is said to live in informal areas, known by the name ʿashwaʾiyyat, putting Cairo at the heart of urban literature on informality. However, urban research has focused only on informal spaces linked with poverty, lack of modern infrastructure, and state intervention, overlooking a local narrative by different city stakeholders in which other urban forms are also considered ʿashwaʾiyyat. Accordingly, this research investigates this alternative perspective by exploring other possible typologies and classifications of ʿashwaʾiyyat, which could be used to deepen understanding of urban informality in Cairo and beyond. 

Studies of informal practices have generally privileged state-led definitions of what is and is not considered informal; something immediately problematised in Cairo as thousands of people are threatened to be displaced, and hundreds of valuable and historic buildings are put at risk of demolition. The research, therefore, challenges these state-led definitions by revealing the distinctive characteristics of ʿashwaʾiyyat that lie beyond what the Egyptian state ‘sees’ as informal. 

The research builds its argument based on the author’s first-hand experience and knowledge of the city, combined with primary and secondary sources, which indicate alternative realities of urban informality on the ground. The study employs mixed archival and fieldwork methods to unpack the broad understanding of Cairene urban informality. These methods generate a range of textual and visual data that question the logic of how urban informality is taught and implemented in the planning and management of Cairo. Archives of the state-sponsored press, TV and film industry are examined, and questions regarding architectural and urban pedagogy in Egypt and the public’s understanding of urban informality are discussed. The spatial, aesthetic, and urban manifestations of ʿashwaʾiyyat in Cairo are researched and analysed, deciphering an underexplored facet of the city’s urbanity.